Commercial Speech and Unhealthy Food Products: Conceptual Foundations.

This article provides a critical and philosophical assessment of arguments invoked for and against the constitutional protection of commercial expression and the regulation of commercial speech with a focus on the commercialization of unhealthy food products.

Global Health in the Age of COVID-19: Responsive Health Systems Through a Right to Health Fund.

We propose that a Right to Health Capacity Fund (R2HCF) be created as a central institution of a reimagined global health architecture developed in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such a fund would help ensure the strong health systems required to prevent disease outbreaks from becoming devastating global pandemics, while ensuring genuinely universal health coverage that would encompass even the most marginalized populations. The R2HCF's mission would be to promote inclusive participation, equality, and accountability for advancing the right to health. The fund would focus its resources on civil society organizations, supporting their advocacy and strengthening mechanisms for accountability and participation. We propose an initial annual target of US$500 million for the fund, adjusted based on needs assessments. Such a financing level would be both achievable and transformative, given the limited right to health funding presently and the demonstrated potential of right to health initiatives to strengthen health systems and meet the health needs of marginalized populations-and enable these populations to be treated with dignity. We call for a civil society-led multi-stakeholder process to further conceptualize, and then launch, an R2HCF, helping create a world where, whether during a health emergency or in ordinary times, no one is left behind.

Gendered Power Relations and Informed Consent: The I.V. v. Bolivia Case.

In a landmark decision handed down on November 30, 2016, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights analyzed the foundations of the right to informed consent. The court held Bolivia responsible for the forced sterilization of I.V., an immigrant woman from Peru, and recognized the importance of personal autonomy as a constitutive element of personality. This paper discusses the ethical foundations of the decision and explains the relevance of this judgment in furthering women's rights in Latin America.

Surrogacy, privacy, and the American Convention on Human Rights.

Under the Inter-American Human Rights System, individuals have a right to access reproductive technologies. However, the legal status of surrogacy agreements in State Parties to the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) is mostly uncertain. The article discusses whether a complete ban on surrogacy is compatible with the ACHR. It considers potential objections to surrogacy agreements: 'corruption objections'-surrogacy denigrates the nature of what is being exchanged-, the potential exploitation of surrogates and welfare concerns of children born from surrogacy. The article concludes that States Parties to the ACHR should allow both altruistic and commercial surrogacy, but that regulatory schemes for appropriate protection of the rights of surrogates, intending parents, and children resulting from surrogacy ought to be secured.

Terminal Patients and the Right to Refuse Medical Treatment in Argentina.

The right to health has many dimensions. On the one hand, it entails positive duties for states to protect the health of individuals. On the other, it encompasses patient decision making regarding personal health, an idea which is closely linked to the right to autonomy and the right to free development of the individual-that is, to dignity.1 This is why the informed consent of the patient and her right to make a choice according to her own values should be honored, even when her decision may seem irrational or imprudent. When patients are incapable of providing informed consent-for example, if the patient is unconscious-the law can authorize certain persons to act as a proxy on their behalf. In Argentina, the Patients' Rights Act (2009) as amended by the Death with Dignity Act (2012) states that if a patient is unable to provide informed consent, consent may be provided on her behalf by her close relatives, affinal kin, or legal guardian, in this order of preference.2 The Patients' Rights Act also permits patients to set up advance directives regarding health decisions to be made if they become terminally ill. In 2015, the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice discussed the scope of patient autonomy in the case D., M.A. s/ declaración de incapacidad.3 This case presented a question that had yet to be explored by the court: how can we determine an unconscious patient's will if she does not have written advance directives concerning whether a life-sustaining medical treatment should be continued? This article examines the grounds of the Argentine Supreme Court's decision in D., M.A. First, we describe the case law that existed prior to D., M.A. Then, after explaining the facts of the case, we discuss the ruling and raise doubts about its scope.4.

Effective access to justice against state and non-state actors in the Framework Convention on Global Health: A proposal.

A Framework Convention on Global Health (FCGH) seeks to have a profound, effective, and broad impact: bringing access to health rights to the largest global community possible. One of the main issues the FCGH will address is how to make the right to health justiciable. An FCGH must articulate functional remedies for violations of the right to health by state or non-state actors. This paper analyzes one approach to ensuring the recognition of the rights defended in a future FCGH. Following the incremental development approach inspired by the architecture of other successful framework convention protocols, we propose the inclusion of access to health justice guidelines in an FCGH. This proposal is based on the amparo remedy, a figure already extant in the legislation of several Latin American countries; since its incorporation, these countries have witnessed a significant increase in litigation defending health rights. This is only one of many important advantages to broadly adopting guidelines based on the amparo remedy. The proposed guidelines would serve as a basic agreement on broad principles on access to health justice.

The legal status of emergency contraception in Latin America.

Timely access to emergency contraception (EC) can contribute to reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies, and ultimately, the number of unsafe abortions and maternal fatalities. In Latin America, where all countries are parties to international human rights treaties that recognize the rights to autonomy, privacy, and health, and recognize sexual and reproductive rights including the right to family planning, the legal status of EC has been discussed in the courts. This article focuses on the analysis of the principal arguments voiced in the courts: the difference between contraceptives and abortifacients, the scientific status of available research on EC, and the age at which people develop a legal right to make decisions about their personal health. The conclusion is that Latin American countries whose laws or regulations ban access to EC in the public and/or the private sector fail to fulfill their obligations under international human rights law.

Prenatal management of anencephaly.

About a third of anencephalic fetuses are born alive, but they are not conscious or viable, and soon die. This neural tube defect can be limited by dietary consumption of foliates, and detected prenatally by ultrasound and other means. Many laws permit abortion, on this indication or on the effects of pregnancy and prospects of delivery on a woman's physical or mental health. However, abortion is limited under some legal systems, particularly in South America. To avoid criminal liability, physicians will not terminate pregnancies, by induced birth or abortion, without prior judicial approval. Argentinian courts have developed means to resolve these cases, but responses of Brazilian courts are less clear. Ethical concerns relate to late-term abortion, meaning after the point of fetal viability, but since anencephalic fetuses are nonviable, many ethical concerns are overcome. Professional guidance is provided by several professional and institutional codes on management of anencephalic pregnancies.

[Some notes about the idea of "Responsibility" in Law]. / Notas sobre la Idea de "Responsabilidad" en el Derecho.

Some philosophers would argue that, if it is true that, in fact, both our deeds and their consequences depend on the combined force of precedent and posterior factors that we do not control, it could make sense not to be blamed for the consequences of our deeds. Legal responsibility, however, is safe from this attack because it does not aim at resolving those metaphysical issues: it only makes sense if understood as a construction that reflects standards of reasonable behaviour. Law presupposes that we are able to moderate our conduct in light of the interests of others in their security and liberty and, therefore, it presupposes that it is fair to make us responsible of the costs that our deeds impose on them.

Notas sobre la idea de "Responsabilidad" en el Derecho / Notes on the idea of \"Responsibility\" in the law

Algunos filósofos sostendrían que, si es cierto que tanto todo lo que hacemos como sus consecuencias dependen, en realidad, de la fuerza combinada de factores antecedentes y posteriores que no controlamos, podría no tener sentido que se nos responsabilice por las consecuencias de nuestras acciones. La responsabilidad jurídica, sin embargo, está a salvo de este ataque porque no pretende resolver esos problemas metafísicos: sólo tiene sentido si se la entiende como una construcción que refleja estándares de conducta razonable. El derecho presupone que podemos moderar nuestra conducta en función de los intereses de los demás en su seguridad y en su libertad y, por ello, presupone que es justo que se nos haga responsables por los costos que nuestras acciones les imponen.

Some philosophers would argue that, if it is true that, in fact, both our deeds and their consequences depend on the combined force of precedent and posterior factors that we do not control, it could make sense not to be blamed for the consequences of our deeds. Legal responsibility, however, is safe from this attack because it does not aim at resolving those metaphysical issues: it only makes sense if understood as a construction that reflects standards of reasonable behaviour. Law presupposes that we are able to moderate our conduct in light of the interests of others in their security and liberty and, therefore, it presupposes that it is fair to make us responsible of the costs that our deeds impose on them.

Consulta de evaluación de afecciones mamarias al nivel primario. Resultados / Consultation for the evaluation of mammary afections at the primary level. Results

Se encuestaron y examinaron 510 mujeres comprendidas entre 15 y 76 años de edad, pertenecientes a la población atendida por el Policlínico Comunitario Docente "Héroes de Girón" en el período entre octubre de 1994 y julio de 1995; se incluyen además pacientes de alto riesgo previamente a la realización de pesquisaje de carcinoma mamario por mamografía, para la evaluación y detección de afecciones mamarias en general. Los casos detectados con algún signo al realizarse el examen físico fueron estudiados mediante ultrasonografía, mamografía y biopsia aspirativa con aguja fina (BAAF), indistintamente, según se considera procedente en coordinación con el Servicio de Radiología del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras" y la consulta similar del Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Joaquín Albarrán". Acuden a consulta 127 casos sintomáticos, de los cuales resultan positivos, con algún signo en el examen físico, 61; de estas pacientes son operadas 29 por presentar distintos tipos de tumores benignos, son detectados 3 carcinomas, todas asintomáticos

Consulta de evaluación de afecciones mamarias al nivel primario. Resultados / Consultation for the evaluation of mammary afections at the primary level. Results

Se encuestaron y examinaron 510 mujeres comprendidas entre 15 y 76 años de edad, pertenecientes a la población atendida por el Policlínico Comunitario Docente "Héroes de Girón" en el período entre octubre de 1994 y julio de 1995; se incluyen además pacientes de alto riesgo previamente a la realización de pesquisaje de carcinoma mamario por mamografía, para la evaluación y detección de afecciones mamarias en general. Los casos detectados con algún signo al realizarse el examen físico fueron estudiados mediante ultrasonografía, mamografía y biopsia aspirativa con aguja fina (BAAF), indistintamente, según se considera procedente en coordinación con el Servicio de Radiología del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras" y la consulta similar del Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico "Joaquín Albarrán". Acuden a consulta 127 casos sintomáticos, de los cuales resultan positivos, con algún signo en el examen físico, 61; de estas pacientes son operadas 29 por presentar distintos tipos de tumores benignos, son detectados 3 carcinomas, todas asintomáticos(AU)